Hidden Worlds Beneath the Waves

 Hidden Worlds Beneath the Waves 🌊

                                                                                    The  majority of Earth's active volcanoes are situated underwater. Submarine eruptions, which most frequently take place around tectonic spreading centers, unleash molten rock from beneath the bottom. Underwater volcanoes are fascinating geological features that lie beneath the ocean's surface. These volcanoes can have significant impacts on both the marine environment and the Earth's atmosphere. 

One notable example is the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai eruption in January 2022. This underwater volcano in the South Pacific Ocean erupted with such force that it sent a massive plume of water vapor into the stratosphere, enough to fill more than 58,000 Olympic-size swimming pools. The eruption also caused a tsunami and a sonic boom that circled the globe twice.  

The eruption of the Krakatoa volcano in 1883 remains one of the deadliest underwater eruptions in history, highlighting the destructive power of these natural phenomena.

Over time, repeated volcanic eruptions can build up enough material to form islands. Famous examples include the Hawaiian Islands and Iceland, which were formed by underwater volcanic activity. 

Hydrothermal vents are fissures on the seabed from which geothermally heated water discharges. They form when seawater seeps into the Earth's crust, gets heated by underlying magma, and then rises back to the ocean floor, carrying dissolved minerals with it. The temperature of the water emitted from hydrothermal vents can reach up to 400°C (752°F). Despite this, the surrounding water, just a few meters away, remains near freezing due to the deep ocean's cold temperatures.

Vents that emit dark, mineral-rich water that forms chimney-like structures made of iron sulfide, giving them their black color are called black smokers, and vents that release lighter-colored minerals like barium, calcium, and silicon, resulting in white deposits, are called white smokers.

Volcanoes and vent sites, albeit they are in places too dark for sunlight to drive food production, extinct, or even moderately active, frequently harbor a variety of animal populations that have adapted to use chemical energy, a process known as chemosynthesis to make food. The base of the food web around underwater volcanoes is primarily composed of chemosynthetic bacteria and archaea. Also, hydrothermal vents release nutrient-rich fluids that support dense microbial communities. These microbes form biofilms and mats on the vent surfaces and in the surrounding sediments. Chemosynthetic bacteria use chemicals such as sulfides and methane as a source of energy to produce organic material. Chemosynthetic bacteria are then grazed on by heterotrophs, which in turn are eaten by larger predators. Some of these bacteria even live inside vent fauna (such as tube worms and Bathymodiolus mussels) or grow on specialized appendages.

Many larger organisms, such as tube worms, clams, and mussels, have symbiotic relationships with chemosynthetic bacteria. These bacteria live within the tissues of their hosts and provide them with nutrients. 

Green sulfur bacteria are unique among hydrothermal vent bacteria because they require both chemical energy (from hydrogen sulfide) and light energy to survive. Green sulfur bacteria contain chlorosomes, organelles that are so efficient at harvesting light that green sulfur bacteria can grow at much lower light intensities than other light-requiring microbes. There is no sunlight at hydrothermal vents and instead, they capture energy from the weak radioactive glow emitted from geothermally heated rock. 

Animals are present in very high abundances, but there tends to be lower diversity, with communities being dominated by only a few taxa.

The organisms living around underwater volcanoes and hydrothermal vents have developed unique adaptations to survive in high-pressure, high-temperature, and low-light conditions. For example, some species of shrimp and crabs have specialized heat-resistant enzymes. 

Underwater volcanic activity can have a significant impact on global ocean chemistry. Underwater volcanic activity releases carbon dioxide into the ocean. While some of this carbon dioxide is absorbed by seawater, contributing to ocean acidification, it also plays a role in the global carbon cycle, influencing the Earth's climate over geological timescales. The minerals and chemicals released by hydrothermal vents and underwater volcanoes can alter the chemical composition of seawater. This impact is particularly notable in the deep ocean, where these features contribute to the distribution of elements like sulfur, iron, and silica. Hydrothermal vents release a variety of minerals and gases, including iron, sulfur, and methane, into the ocean. These substances are critical for nutrient cycling in the deep sea, supporting the growth of microorganisms and, consequently, the entire ecosystem.

Many underwater volcanoes are found along mid-ocean ridges, where tectonic plates are moving apart. The volcanic activity here contributes to seafloor spreading, a process that constantly renews the ocean floor and plays a crucial role in plate tectonics. The unique organisms found in hydrothermal vent ecosystems produce novel compounds that have potential applications in medicine. For example, enzymes from these organisms have been used in biotechnology, and there is ongoing research into their potential use.

Exploring hydrothermal vents is so exciting because it teaches us about the limits of life, organisms living there have to deal with mind-boggling extremes of temperature and chemistry. 

📝Dilhari Pussawala 

3rd  year (20/21 batch)

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Congratulations

 

"The journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step." – Lao Tzu

Heartiest congratulations to our brilliant seniors who have successfully graduated at the 50th Convocation of the University of Sri Jayewardenepura! 🌊🎓

Your dedication and hard work have brought you here, and we are proud to have been part of your journey. 

May your future be filled with endless blessings, joy, and the fulfillment of all your heart's desires.

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World Tsunami awareness day

 "Preparedness today saves lives tomorrow"

On World Tsunami Awareness Day 2024, we come together to remember the devastating impacts of tsunamis and emphasize the importance of resilience. 

This day serves as a reminder to honor lives affected, recognize the power of early warning systems, and educate communities on preparedness. 

By spreading awareness and fostering global cooperation, we aim to strengthen response efforts and safeguard future generations against the threat of tsunamis. 

Let's build a safer world together, one informed step at a time.

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Sharks

 

Sharks: The Ocean's Apex Predators and Their Fight for Survival

Sharks are among the most fascinating and ancient creatures of the ocean. They have existed for over 400 million years, far longer than dinosaurs. They belong to the class _Chondrichthyes_, distinguished from other fish by their cartilaginous skeletons. Today, approximately 1,000 species of sharks inhabit a wide range of environments, from shallow coastal waters to the deep ocean. They are classified within the superorder _Selachimorpha_, which includes all true sharks. Species vary greatly in size, from the small dwarf lantern shark, which grows to just about 20 centimeters, to the massive whale shark, which can reach lengths of up to 18–20 meters.

Sharks play a crucial role in maintaining the health and balance of marine ecosystems through several important ecological functions. One of their primary roles is population control. As apex predators, sharks regulate the abundance of their prey, preventing any single species from becoming overly dominant. Additionally, sharks impact the health of various marine habitats. By controlling the numbers of certain species, such as herbivorous fish, sharks help prevent the overgrazing of critical habitats like coral reefs and seagrass beds. In coral reef ecosystems, the presence of reef sharks helps control populations of smaller fish, such as parrotfish. Without these sharks, herbivorous fish could overgraze algae, which can degrade coral reefs.

Sharks also contribute to the health of prey species. By targeting weaker and sick individuals, sharks ensure that only the fittest members of prey populations reproduce. This process of natural selection promotes stronger and more resilient species, which is vital for the overall health and stability of marine ecosystems. Sharks further support nutrient cycling in marine ecosystems. By consuming prey and excreting waste, sharks recycle nutrients back into the environment, supporting the growth of other marine organisms.

Shark populations face significant threats, many stemming from human activities. One of the primary threats is overfishing. Recent studies estimate that between 63 and 273 million sharks are killed annually, with an average of around 100 million, though this figure continues to be debated and studied. Sharks are either directly targeted for their fins, meat, and other body parts or caught unintentionally as bycatch in commercial fisheries. The demand for shark fins, particularly for use in shark fin soup, has led to a practice known as finning. In this practice, sharks are captured, their fins are removed, and the rest of the body is discarded, often while the shark is still alive. Without their fins, sharks are unable to swim properly, leading to a slow and painful death.

As demand for shark products rises, their slow reproductive rate poses a critical issue. Many shark species mature late and produce relatively few offspring, meaning that populations cannot quickly recover once depleted. As a result, even moderate levels of overfishing can have devastating long-term impacts. Another significant threat is habitat loss. Sharks rely on diverse habitats, such as coral reefs, mangroves, and open oceans, for breeding, feeding, and shelter. However, coastal urbanization, pollution, destructive fishing practices, and climate change have degraded many of these environments.

In response to these threats, numerous international and local efforts have been initiated to protect shark populations. Countries like the United States and members of the European Union have enacted laws prohibiting shark finning in their waters, aiming to reduce shark mortality and encourage sustainable use. Banning the fishing of threatened shark species is also an important conservation effort. In Sri Lanka, for example, fishing for threatened species like the whale shark ( Minimuthu mora) oceanic whitetip shark (Polkola mora), and thresher sharks (Kasa mora) is prohibited.

The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) regulates the global trade of endangered species, including shark species. As of 2022, nearly 100 species of sharks and rays are listed under CITES appendices, following significant additions at the 19th Conference of the Parties (CoP19). By controlling the trade of shark products, CITES helps reduce pressure on shark populations and encourages sustainable practices.

Sustainable fishing practices are also promoted to reduce shark bycatch, which is the unintentional capture of sharks during commercial fishing for other species. Selective fishing gear and implementing time and area closures help minimize shark bycatch. Additionally, catch limits and quotas for specific shark species vulnerable to overfishing help regulate populations and prevent extinction.

The establishment of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) has become a crucial strategy in shark conservation. MPAs are designated regions where human activities, including fishing, are restricted providing safe havens for sharks and allowing their populations to recover. Notable examples include the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park in Australia and the Galápagos Marine Reserve in Ecuador. These protected zones help preserve shark species and the broader marine biodiversity they support.

Several countries have established shark sanctuaries, where shark fishing is prohibited. These sanctuaries, such as those in the Pacific (e.g., Palau and the Marshall Islands), offer a safe haven for shark populations to recover.

In conclusion, sharks are vital to marine ecosystems, helping regulate other species' populations and maintain ecological balance. Their role as apex predators, combined with their vulnerability to human activities, makes their conservation crucial for maintaining healthy ocean environments. Through continued international cooperation, improved fishing practices, and enhanced protection measures, we can work to ensure these ancient and remarkable creatures survive for future generations.

📝Devmika Hapuarachchi  

Second Year (21/22 batch)

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GOLDMEDAL

 With exceptional academic brilliance, Chamudi Ginige stands at the pinnacle of achievement, earning the highest GPA that reflects her unwavering commitment. Her remarkable journey in Aquatic Resources Management at the University of Sri Jayewardenapura sets a shining example for others to follow.

May your remarkable accomplishments light the path ahead, and may your dedication continue to create ripples of excellence. Heartfelt congratulations on clinching the Gold Medal! 🌟🥇👏

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The Deep Blue Mystery

 The Deep Blue Mystery : Unveiling Earth's Last Frontier and Its Hidden Wonders. 🌊

  Deep-sea ecosystems represent the largest and one of the least explored habitats on Earth, covering over 95% of the planet's living space. The deep sea begins at depths of about 200 meters, where sunlight is insufficient for photosynthesis, and extends to the ocean's deepest trenches, reaching depths of over 11,000 meters in locations like the Mariana Trench. These ecosystems are characterized by extreme conditions including high pressure, low temperatures, and complete darkness. Despite these harsh environments, they harbor a remarkable diversity of life, including unique species adapted to specific habitats such as abyssal plains, seamounts, hydrothermal vents, and cold seeps. The deep sea is home to various organisms.

  The biodiversity of the deep sea is astounding, with new species being discovered on nearly every expedition. From bioluminescent creatures that create their own light in the darkness to extremophiles thriving in the scorching heat of hydrothermal vents, the adaptations of deep-sea life continue to amaze scientists. Notable examples include the anglerfish with its bioluminescent lure, the giant isopod resembling a prehistoric creature, and the vampire squid that can turn itself inside out. This rich biodiversity not only contributes to the overall health of marine ecosystems but also holds potential for biotechnological and medical applications.

  Deep-sea habitats are intrinsically linked to surface ecosystems through various ecological processes. The biological pump, for instance, transfers carbon from the surface to the deep ocean, playing a crucial role in regulating Earth's climate. Additionally, many commercially important fish species depend on deep-sea habitats for part of their life cycle. Whales, which feed in the deep sea and defecate near the surface, act as nutrient pumps, enhancing surface productivity. Understanding these connections is vital for developing comprehensive marine management strategies that consider the entire water column.

  Deep-sea ecosystems play crucial roles in global processes, including carbon sequestration and nutrient cycling. They also provide essential resources and services, such as biological and mineral resources, which are increasingly threatened by human activities like deep-sea mining and waste dumping. The conservation and sustainable management of these ecosystems are vital, as they are integral to the planet's health.

  As technology advances, human activities are increasingly impacting deep-sea ecosystems. Deep-sea fishing, particularly bottom trawling, can devastate fragile benthic communities that may take decades or centuries to recover. The emerging deep-sea mining industry threatens to disrupt unique habitats like hydrothermal vents and seamounts, potentially causing irreversible damage to ecosystems we barely understand. Climate change also poses a significant threat, as rising temperatures and ocean acidification can disrupt the delicate balance of deep-sea environments. Conservation efforts must focus on establishing marine protected areas, implementing sustainable resource management practices, and conducting further research to better understand and protect these vital ecosystems.

📝Tharaka Nimsara 

1st Year(22/23 batch)

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The Stone Fish

 The Stone Fish -  World's Most Venomous Fish 🐟 

"Stonefish" is the most venomous fish in the world. The stonefish, belonging to the genus _Synanceia_, holds the notorious title of the world’s most venomous fish. Found predominantly in the coastal regions of the Indo-Pacific, including Australia’s Great Barrier Reef, these masters of camouflage are a fascinating yet fearsome presence in marine ecosystems.

Stonefish are incredibly adept at blending into their surroundings. With a body that resembles a rough, encrusted rock or coral, they lie motionless on the seafloor, often partially buried in sand. This camouflage not only protects them from predators but also allows them to ambush their prey. When a small fish or invertebrate swims by, the stonefish strikes with lightning speed, swallowing its meal whole.

This fish has 13 spines along its dorsal fin, each connected to venom glands. When threatened or accidentally stepped on by an unwary swimmer, the stonefish can inject a potent venom through these spines. The venom, which contains neurotoxins and cytotoxins, can cause intense pain, swelling, tissue death, and, in severe cases, heart failure or death. The best immediate treatment is to immerse the affected area in hot water, as heat can help neutralize the venom. Medical attention is essential, and antivenom may be required for severe stings.

Stonefish play a crucial role in the marine ecosystem. As ambush predators, they help regulate the population of smaller fish and invertebrates, maintaining balance within their habitat. Their presence also contributes to the health of coral reefs, as they help control species that might otherwise overgraze on the coral.

Stonefish are not currently considered endangered, but like many marine species, they are affected by habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change. Protecting coral reefs and coastal ecosystems is vital for ensuring the survival of these and other marine species.

📝K.W.Priyankara

3rd year (20/21 batch)

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Tide Pool Wonders

 Tide Pool Wonders: Unveiling the Secrets and Survival of Tide Pool Dwellers🌊

Tide pools are like mini underwater worlds on the beach. They are isolated pockets of seawater found in the ocean's intertidal zone. These tide pools appear when the tide, which is the rise and fall of the sea, recedes. When the tide goes out, it leaves behind puddles of water in rocky holes and dents in the sand. These puddles form tide pools. They are full of animals and plants that are used to living in a tough place where the sea meets the land. Tide pools are like secret gardens that only appear for a little while, twice a day. 

Tide pools are home to a wide variety of animals, many dependent on one another to survive. Some common residents are anemones, barnacles, crustaceans (like hermit crabs, shore crabs, and shrimp), sea stars, sea urchins, mussels, and other bivalves. However, the permanent residents of the tide pools live in what is known as the intertidal zone, also referred to as the littoral zone, foreshore, or seashore. Depending on the geography of this zone, it is a very important ecosystem and provides homes for many different types of animals.

Unique residents of tide pools include "The Barnacle Builders." They are like tiny architects, constructing protective shells on rocks and even boat hulls. Their feather-like appendages capture passing meals in the water. Mussels, those dark-shelled clingers, are the anchors of the intertidal zone. They hold tight to rocks and are skilled filter feeders, sipping plankton from the passing water. Sea anemones, with their mesmerizing swaying tentacles, are the hunters of the tide pools. They grasp small prey with their stinging tentacles and are masters of disguise when the tide recedes. Sea stars, often known as starfish, are the predators of the tide pool. They pry open the shells of mussels and other creatures with their tube feet. Sea urchins are omnivores that graze on algae and kelp, using their tube feet and spines for mobility and defense. Crabs carry their homes with them, often in discarded snail shells. They are scavengers, finding bits of food to nibble on.

Climate change, energy development, invasive species, over-harvesting, ocean acidification, and oil spills are threats to these resources. In addition, the popularity of rocky shores with park visitors can lead to adverse impacts on intertidal species.

However, walking through tide pools is very dangerous to the tiny, delicate marine organisms living there because they can be easily crushed underfoot. Exploring pools usually means turning over rocks that may be protecting animals from light and air, which could kill them. Pulling intertidal animals off the rocks or poking them with sticks can damage or destroy them. Few organisms survive being removed from their tide pool home.

Many tide pool animals can be safely touched if done gently and respectfully. For instance, don't poke anemones. Only pick up organisms if it's easy to do so. Do not remove any animal attached to a surface, even slightly, as it can harm them. Animals like limpets, chitons, barnacles, mussels, sea stars, and urchins are attached to rocks and shouldn't be forced off. Don't pick up animals that are swimming away, resisting, or hiding in crevices, such as lobsters, sea urchins, or octopuses. These animals are fragile and easily stressed, so they should be left alone.

When it comes to protecting the intertidal zones, the government and small organizations have taken a stance. The government has created laws that protect these tidal areas. These laws are mostly aimed at the conservation and protection of the abiotic and biotic features in the region.

Tide pools are not just fascinating natural wonders, but also delicate ecosystems that deserve our respect and protection. As we marvel at the resilience and adaptability of tide pool dwellers, we must also recognize our responsibility as stewards of these unique environments. By practicing responsible exploration, supporting conservation efforts, and educating others about the importance of these miniature marine worlds, we can help ensure that future generations will continue to enjoy the magic of tide pools.

Tharushi Jayarathna  

2nd year (21/22 batch)

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World Ozone Day

 The Ozone Layer: Earth’s Natural Sunscreen. Let’s Keep It Stronger.

Various biological groups, especially marine ecosystems, terrestrial plants, and humans, are now at great risk of losing a healthy existence due to the depletion of the ozone layer. This issue has the potential to disrupt ecosystems, food webs, and biodiversity on a global scale. It is our responsibility to address this problem, as we are the ones responsible for the current condition of the ozone layer.

As naturalists, let’s make this a day to:

- Start using eco-friendly products.  

- Limit personal vehicle use and use public transportation instead.  

- Grow a plant in your garden.  

- Recycle old refrigerators, air conditioners, or other old appliances through environmentally friendly recycling programs.  

- Educate others by sharing the knowledge you’ve just read.

On this special day, let’s unite our minds and hearts to save the ozone layer as an act of service to Mother Nature by humankind.

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Annual General Meeting 2024

Memories from the Aquatic Students' Association Annual General Meeting 2024!🌊✨

It was an important event bringing together lecturers, students and professionals to discuss the future work of the Aquatic Students Association and share knowledge. 

A special thanks to all those who attended and contributed to the success of the meeting. 

Let’s continue working together to achieve great things this year.💫

Looking forward to the exciting initiatives ahead! Stay connected for more updates!🌟

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